More than two decades have passed since India embarked on major economic reforms—and although official poverty rates have declined sharply since then, millions of Indians continue to face significant deprivation in terms of quality of life and access to basic services. India’s youthful and increasingly vocal population is demanding more, and today the country’s leaders have an opportunity to set higher aspirations. Not all of the options being considered are feasible in the face of India’s current economic slowdown, however, and even well-conceived plans seem beset by execution challenges.